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Posts Tagged ‘perspective’

About the systems approach. The systems approach is the direction of scientific knowledge and methodology of social practice, which is based on the discussion of objects in the system. it is used as an instrumentation, who heads the research to support discovers the entire object, various contacts in it and gathers in the overall complex.

The systemic approach in its essence is the practical principles of dialectical materialism, within which we can discuss the investment process of the series of operations (types of activities), which is filled in capital beginning (preface to the process). It increases the amount and conditions to a final result (the output of the process). It is possible to learn the investment process of the position of the systems approach, because the investment process is an economic system and has a preface - the position of this complex system (capital area) and output - changes in investment within the economic system. The result of the investment process to exit, outlines the development of the economic system in which the process is underway, and this gives rise to rates of economic growth.

Decision of the investment process. The investment process is carried out by a trial. It is discussed in such a strategy, which ensures maximum efficiency and any type of activity leads to maximum growth of the economic system. The trial consists of active cycles following:

1. analysis of the current situation of the investment process, which consists of: the analysis of investment attractiveness and investment firms, the investment needs of the economic system;

2. definition of the projection volume necessary investments and the attractiveness for investment, which this volume is consistent;

3. Work activities that provide necessary position of the attractiveness of investment systems;

4. The changes in investment income of the economic system, which is caused by changes in investment attractiveness;

5. Changing the parameters of the economic system at the expense of investors, who are in the evolution of economic growth.

Completion of this continuing cycle of improved decision-making system of the investment process and an increase in malfunctions of the economic system.

The realization of the systems approach is in the process of analyzing the investment not only in the horizontal section (subject to power - the attraction of investment - investors - business investment - the amount of Investment - Investment object - the object to power), but also in the manufacturing field vertical Region Country (world camaraderie - - - - - individual). This discussion will reduce the amount of activity repeatedly stop investment process and provides the theoretical complex picture of the investment process.

For the preparation and implementation of effective investment policy, it is important to define clearly and simply the criteria for judging the situation of the investment made in the country, economic sectors and regions working on a methodology appropriate for the unit insignia and economic use time.

The investment process (which is the process of making the investment) has all the characteristics of the system: there is always a purpose (an investor), object (object of investment), the connection between them (the investment in order to earn income) and its environs, where they exist (about investment). It is characterized by a particular structure and the possibility of an exact identification between the economic process to others. It displays its characteristics as a result of interaction with other systems, protects a certain concept and reflects the views, values and goals of the object of the investment process. Connection is the factor the training system, as it unites all the other elements into a whole (Fig. 1). systems approach provides the opportunity for the comprehensive description of the investment process and essence perfectly defines the concept.

 

The investment process is defined by the interaction formed around investments located between subject and object of investing for income, also influence the investment made on the side of the object and the organs rule on the subject and changing conditions of the investment area.

Place the investment process in the system of social relations. The investment process does exist and is still involved in the sphere to follow the level, that is to say, it must be discussed within the comprehensive approach - to address the system into the field interconnections with other systems. This gives us the opportunity to describe the place and role of the investment process in the separate sphere of activity and also in the social system. Each topic is development oriented and still requires the ability to augment existing resources and developments such functionality. The orientation towards supplementing the shortfall with its own forces, slowing economic growth, because it requires the person to provide fun activities and time wasting resources on its core. In terms of specialization, reduction of armed forces of the research is described for the purpose, characteristics which give him an opportunity to bridge the gap of life with minimal investment. The need for investment is when the potential of the selected object does not meet the required criteria and needs a kind of outside involvement in its development. The possibility of development of investment occurs when the resources held by the object and its characteristics provide the opportunity to influence necessary to be on the characteristics of the object requested.

When making investments, the investor makes contact with the concrete object. Under the influence of the characteristics of the investors investment trends of the object and then change the characteristics of the face influences investment income on the investors, changes its characteristics, including - bridge the resource gap. After completing the investment process, the subject and the object to start new lives, so the investment process leads to the spread of the object and subject characteristics.

The dynamics of social development is defined by the development of spheres of activity. If the sudden revolutionary changes of any particular sphere of activity is a stimulus to the invisible before growth, giving rise to the chain reaction of changes in natural connected to these areas. If the development trends of spheres of activities takes place, its dynamics, as a rule, is defined by the capabilities of the least developed. Where investments and investment income have different consistency about is whether they belong to different spheres of activities, the investment process to make these different spheres inter penetration. The study of logic has decided to change their dynamic development takes place. This causes a chain reaction of natural evolution of interconnected spheres. Therefore, the investment process the opportunity to achieve and maintain the chain reaction of natural spheres joined activities. These processes seem to be the binding factor for social development.

List of connections between the basic categories of the investment process provides the opportunity to create the volume dependence of investment on the factors and conditions of the investment area, which is formed around investment in the region.

Table 1. May 4 elucidate structural elements surrounding the investment and linkages between them, which are presented in the literature.

                   

The interconnection model compounds

Onentas the investment process. Such an approach reflects the most essential side of the investment process, but does not give us the opportunity of taking into account the influence of current processes and investment area, on the contrary - the investment area the investment process. Therefore we believe important to discuss how the interconnection of different elements, including the investment process.

The attractiveness of investment is a positive category in its context, and the investment risks involved in the process of formation of this appeal - a negative role. Therefore it is important to turn to the quantitative measurements of risk in quantitative indices of the concept, which is basically opposed to the concept of “risk investment while taking into account non-commercial investment risks, as a complex factor of investment attractiveness. We must call this concept (the antonym of the concept of investment risk) “Socio-economic and economic investors or, in other words, the safety of investments (hence on the macro -economic, regional and industry level). The evolution mentioned an opportunity to avoid adverse influence on the international index based - the investment attractiveness of two complex factors - the potential investment and non-commercial risks .

Exactly the same way, any special factors such generalized concepts have the same positive [Quantitative deleted] with the help of the positive projection - to set the final level of investment security field), but also a negative (with the help of conceptually “negative” by pointing out - to set the final level of investment risk non-commercial field).

The investment attractiveness of the socio-economic (SES) is defined the position of the investment potential and the level of investment risk. The investment assets are in the area - the actual evolution of the investment firm in the SES - is characterized by the intensity of investment. She in turn, is defined by the past, investment assets and future. The investment in the past characterized the asset intensity of investments invested before and provides opportunities to define their future profitability, the amount of probable competitor and most profitable area for investment capital. The current asset investment defines the level of economic development of the system and the possibility to predict the volume of further investments and returns possible, but also to define the position of the investors in the market future. Future (expected) asset investment is the Oriental for the planning of the investment process are: to define the future volume of investments to the investment decision about the SES - for flow adequate income in the capital. The analysis of these three elements, including investing activities gives the investor information on the level of ability to compete in the investment market SES, as the trends of development and reduction activities market.

The entire investment attractiveness and investment firms made the investment around the country, region, area, a company (existed in manufacturing). Although it is also important to consider the reverse connection is the influence of investment on the surrounding business investment. For example, the current position of the investment sets around the ideas of the investor and its activities towards future investments. Improving the investment around the current period to give impetus to the development of competition took place between the investors to obtain the rights for the investment. In addition, it provides the impetus for the competition held in the goods and services market, which helps the roaring prices and improve quality of production. In parallel, the inflow of investment resources takes place, which gives the opportunity for rational distribution and efficient use of resources exist for decision-making bodies of regional development. It reduces the imbalance in regional development, improve social conditions in the region, contributing to the development of infrastructure and communications, changes in the situation in the area of investment according to the requirements of economic development Regional.

Interconnection and subordination between groups involved in the investment process is represented by the diagram shows the peak. 1. 5.

Given the peculiarities of the investment process, it must not only be based on the use of administrative measures to regulate activities, but also the use of these models, which demonstrate the need for any such activity.

 

1. 6. - The purpose of the investment process and its main stages

According to the above, the investment process is successivity steps, motions and operations of the disposal of investment firms. The actual flow of this process depends on the purpose of investment. Therefore, the division of investment process in stages is caused by the types of investments. We refer of course to the real and financial investments.

The investment process consists of two main steps are (1) making decisions on investments and (2) implementation and operation of investments. It was agreed to divide the first step in several distinct phases (subtypes), which also characterize the real and financial investments. The amount of these phases may be different, but three of them are more typical: a) outlining the objectives of investment, b) defining the direction of investments and c) the selection of the concrete object of investment.

Objectives and guidelines of the investment. In the process of obtaining the investment decision different objectives are defined and taken into account. The formal objectives are ascending, which are used in the future as the criteria for selecting investments. Official objectives from the strategic investment firm.

Working out the strategic direction of business investment is linked to the definition of equality of a particular form of investment phase expression of the perspective and also with the definition of orientation investment activity, including its branch comprising a part. The priorities of the forms of investment at any given stage of the investor is caused by a number of internal and external.

Functional direction is the most important internal factors, such are the basic types of investor (manufacturing, organization) activities. For example, the basic direction of business investment for institutional investors are investing in securities. The Making of the real sector of the economy, carrying industrial activities, give priority, in general, investment in equipment and intangible assets.

The financial investment is made mainly in the form of the factory “(as competitors, partners so) participation in the decision to purchase securities of shared, or in the form of investment of time money sources free for speculative purposes.

Other internal factors important role in the choice of investment management is played by the strategic direction of operational activity, the size of manufacturing (the organization), stage of the life cycle of the investor and others.

In the factory sector organizations and real economic growth of financial investment that characterized, in general, large industries, which are more likely to find the sources to put money into investments, and those produced manufacturing, which are to stage the so-called “maturity”. More extended form of investments at earlier stages of investments in equipment and intangible assets.

Among these external factors, which are a major influence on the selection of investment forms the most important are the rate of inflation and the rate per cent made the financial market.

The formal objectives may be the aspiration of increasing profit, expanding the scale of production (activity), the power to obtain and prestige in society, too, the solution of socio- environmental, conservation and more workplaces and so on.

These goals are often not clearly defined, are not coordinated by priority or are not checked in about the ability of their achievement. Therefore, it is necessary to emphasize that the real purpose of the investment by the official target by establishing concrete evidence design. For example, the official target - increasing profit - must be realized in a number of indices, including the definition of quality, achieved. Specifically, it may be the average amount of the benefit of several years or the projected net income, or those of other indices, which characterize the earnings from the investment.

official investment objectives to the decision of the problem definition guidelines on investment easier. Mutual connected, alternative investments, independent (excluding international) may also be among them.

Main stages of the investment process. According to the constitution of the investment portfolio, the investment process becomes easier especially at the expense of reducing its stages. In foreign literature devoted to this problem, they differ depending on the steps of the investment process:

1. Selection of the investment policy;

2. analysis of the investment market;

3. re-test the portfolio of securities;

4. estimate the efficiency of investment.

In the first step, they define the investment objectives and the level of resources required for its completion, also the quality of the risk and cost for each financial instrument. Selection of these financial assets of the type of potential that can be included in the portfolio, consistent with this point.

At the second stage, they realized, the rate of the value of the type securities “distinct on the basis of economic marketing formed when concrete and provide the prediction of the dynamic sharing ratio” of the business of concrete . This type of approach is called technical analysis. Using data to conduct fundamental analysis. Its essence is the analysis of the value given to all those cash flows of money, which is expected to achieve by the owner of the asset.

Third stage of investment is to select the hard assets for investors, also define the optimal proportions between the assets within the limits of capital investment. The basics of it are selection, selection in the operations and the diversification of risk based on the total profile.

The fourth stage involves the periodic assessment of the current portfolio in light of changing investor objectives and its deviation from the optimal portfolio. After the sale of the share of securities purchased and the purchase of new becomes possible.

At the last stage, they provide a periodic assessment of the profitability of fact and the risk level and comparison with existing standards.

Key participants in the investment process and their functions. For the circle of participants belong major investments: the organs of state, regional and local government, manufactures and individuals: they can participate in the investment side of demand and supply.

Under the conditions of market economy the circle of participants in the investment process is important widened. The web of commercial banks, commercial credit agencies, the private equity investment firms and insurance companies have emerged, which makes independent investment decisions. But the bodies yet, the state and government, regional and local authorities to define their participation in the investment process. He is represented by the organization of competitions for investment, selecting and prove the investment projects, licensing and quoting the production, and also by defining the amount of rates and percent taxation. The financial activities of state bodies of regional and local government from the demanding, so the benefit side, mainly influences the behavior of financial institutions and markets.

main provider of money on the financial market is the population because it provides much of the investment process, then takes. Of course, it will not be said about the bodies and manufactures of government enforcement.

Research foreign scientists U. Sharp, G. G. Alexander and show Bailey, that the whole state and manufactures are net consumers of sources of money is that they use multiple sources, then give. More specifically, many large companies to achieve their objectives long called need huge amounts of money to build factories, buy furniture, developing new products and so on. In addition, through the implementation of active strategies and the difficult decision of masses of cash cash, they seem to be the main purchasers of securities. Such a situation is created on the side of the state, regional and local government bodies, whose activities are related to capital investment and by guaranteeing the expenses.

The bodies of executive power sources for the shortfall of money in producing commitments and obligations of debt, and companies producing stocks and other securities.

 

The factors defining the consistency of participants in the investment project and acted. The consistency of the investment project participants and the functions performed by them provided, are defined by the following factors:

- The specifics of the investment project, its size, hardness and technology so;

- Compatibility functions by participants of the investment project during the project;

- The client’s financial situation, which increases or decreases influxing financial structures in the realization of investment project;

- Provide the customer with better material resources, building materials, techniques, furniture and so on;

- Type the decision of the investment project (traditional or progressive).

 

core participants of the investment project. In the case of investment projects with the traditional type, they differ according to its core participants: the sponsors, the manufacturer, retailer of furniture, the consultant of the insurers, legal counsel, consultants, taxation and financial sector, creditors and others.

Let’s discuss in more detail.

In a broader understanding, a developer is guaranteeing an individual or entity that funds a project economic or registered social activities. In addition, a buyer, an organizer of a major project or arranger promoter may also be commercial, if not commercial structure.

As for the author, as participant of the investment process, we can call a constituent, the organizer, who then connects the activities of each participant of a project, organizing discussions, analysis, suggestions Manufacturers of commercial financial structures or distributors, marketing research and realize the selection of financial partners. On several occasions, he becomes responsible for carrying out functions such as building engineering as a consulting engineer service, designing and building analytical calculation works, preparation of techno-economic justification, organization and decision making, development of recommendations for achieving the area of production. These reduce the amount of participants investment process.

organizations of construction project and construction or individuals play the role of a builder, who is the supplier of labor. The manufacturer may involve other people in the process of executing the command, which become sub-tenants, and the manufacturer itself becomes the tenant general. It seems to be the one who carries the main lease is responsible and constructive before committing to the complex of the total achievement of activities under the agreement.

Distributor of furniture is the subsidiary, the host societies or those of other companies that have signed the distribution of furniture and providing services. If production records an agreement with a buyer for a complex distribution of materials, construction techniques and furnishings for many companies, he became the general distributor and answers to any distribution.

The Insurance Manager is invited to present the risk of insurance and estimate the quality of project security, too, to work on appropriate recommendations. The juris-consults and involves the preparation of legal documentation about the project, explains fully the agreements and contracts.

The consultant for the electricity and taxation issues analysis of the tax situation in the country for the project and the tax liability of each participant, makes recommendations for minimizing taxes.

financial consultant provides for the selection of financial resources, credit conditions and the calculation by the combination of the other alternative for the project. In the case of influxing foreign investors into the project, it must bring to the ownership of international standards exist. This will ease the situation for potential investors and creditors.

Creditors, that participants in the investment process, lend money on terms and conditions. In these circumstances, the creditor has the right to require the debtor to the return of credit or other obligations. A State, a bank, manufacturing or a natural person, investment funds and other creditors may be.

A traditional form of the decision of the investment project, in time the client performs the functions of decision, has several defects. The first is that most buyers are not sufficiently competent in all matters related to the project. It brings the level of higher risk in receiving the authority’s decision that gives rise to a number of expenses. second is that the decision of success, the experiences, applications to the Head of systematic participation in the investment process, because the customer is not always able to do so. And thirdly, this form of the project decision is characterized by the dispersion comparative phases and stages as in time, so in the organization. All these give rise to additional problems in the provision of s agreement of all participants.

Overcoming imperfections mentioned happens when transitioning to the progressive form of the decision of the investment project. Its essence is that the leader (director) of the project is becoming the basic figure in the organization and the decision of investment firms. This may be a construction or construction-projection specialist organizations specially prepared highly qualified or experienced chef. He / she provides general decision of the project including finance, personnel and the construction work.

 

1. 7. Planning and selection of objects of the investment process

 

The definition of reorganization of investment planning. The final phase of the first stage of the investment process is the selection of concrete objects of investment, which is realized in the process of investment planning.

They generally call the process of investment planning process of building a portfolio (investment program) projects, which can be discussed as an alternative especially desired variant for the realization of the for investment. Mainly using mathematical models, which have no possibility at all to reflect all the factors of the investment firm provides investment planning. Therefore the results of modeling does not provide a right to make such decisions, which would guarantee the achievement of all objects. operational management of the factory based on the results of planning and taking into account other factors not formalized plans to achieve the final decisions on these concrete objects of investment, which must be included in the investment program manufacturing.

The investment model is known as a mathematical model, with the help of which it is possible to estimate the resulting efficiency and investment, than to objects placed near the sources so to get there.

We must bear in mind that real estate investments and the achievement of objectives set ceases quantitative changes in the technical documentation, whether in the financial sphere. With regard to financial investments, they are separated, mainly affecting the financial aspect of the activities of the Manufacture.

The investment firm may also be isolated (separated) and interconnected. In the first case, in the process of the firm, they do not discuss other alternatives. Mutual investment planning is also linked to mind the alternatives to obtain decisions in the areas of financing and organization. Thus, the subject of planning is the development of isolated investment program. In the second case, the objective of planning is in any industrial sector.

Any media planning period distinctive, during which the execution and implementation (operation) occurred. This period is always reduced. It must be said that the subject terms of investment planning is still in conflict. Basic question for discussion is the possibility of correct decisions under the influence of the phenomenon happened after the end of the planning section. Although this is a just demand the definition of influence future investment decisions “is possible only after these investments are made.

The periods of investment planning. In the process of investment planning, they share the terms of the planning in the intervals, which are called periods. The decisions are for a period belonged to the beginning of the end of the appropriate period. It is important that this is not reflected in the conceptual investment decisions and the influences that the numbering of the period. Got the achievement results are expressed by investment fees, which are divided into supply (eg, reimburse the other industrial subjects by the investor) and income (for example, the tax paid to the investor by Topic Industrial others).

The total payment during the period of concrete is equal to the sum of the service provided and revenues. If the balance is positive - it’s income exceeds the supply or the contrary.

The amount of these periods during which the delivery of income are held, is called the length of the holding of investments (in the case of real estate investments), or duration of action (in the case of financial investments) . This is either part of the time previously set, or discussed alternating quantity (at the time of obtaining investment decisions). The sources are released invested commonly called divestment.

In the system of investment planning, the objective of investing in a particular period of time, perhaps the growth of ownership, increase revenue streams, making the higher profitability of investment and Other indices, which characterize the ability of obtaining a benefit extended.

In models of investment planning, the volume of capital investments can be changed in the period of time for which the plan is working well. In decisions, priority is given to projects that provide income to the completion of the investment in shorter time. The combination of cash flows in a given period of time is achieved by the method of updating.

Investment Planning isolated. Investment planning is performed in isolation of the data to the separate capital budget items or separate investment programs. The duration of the investment (investment projects) can be considered operating as an alternative or fixed parameters. The capital market can be improved and not improved. The separation of these markets is made by the use of distinctions between the rate per cent of deposits and credits. Number of limitations of financial resources in the planning system can be isolated belonged to any planning period.

 

 

1. 9. planning interconnection investments

Investment Planning interconnected. Investment planning is linked achieved in close relationship with the planning activities of the financial industry. This relationship is based on the formation of the complex cash flows taking into account the fact that like any business is the implementation of each investment project has the financial arrangements. This means that in the process of realization of investment program, it is important to balance its financial parameters with the financial and industrial manufacturing, also taking into account any reductions. We mean, first the potential investment of own resources, the possibility of influxing loan capital, the need for branch and regional diversification of investment firms, in addition to providing effective balancing of internal balance, which is profitability, risk and liquidity of investment firms.

The planning system interconnection means that there are many criteria in the selection of investment projects. It is based on the goals and objectives from business investment in the system of goals leading business, based on either time or direction.

Differentiation criteria for selecting investment projects is held, usually in the section of concrete forms of independent, inter-exclusive (alternative), and investment projects between them. Going requests objectives of rabies criteria too. Usually, they use criteria of the net value and percent internal rate (internal profitability) above as criteria.

In the interconnected system of investment planning concerns basic reduction and additional cuts. base reductions are the most important criteria for selection. For example, if a set of basic criteria for selecting investment projects is the projection of the project’s net added value, the base reductions may represent concrete meanings of the following indexes: per cent internal rate, the level of total risk of the project, the conditions of redemption of investment projects and so on.

The reductions can be: the level of risk diversification to the detriment of regional coherence and the Branch, the value of borrowed capital, the conditions of realization of investment projects, the size of total investment resources, the volume of production and product realization and so on.

The realization of real projects. The concept of the second and third stages is essentially different from the real and financial investments, and it is stipulated by the peculiarity of their achievement.

Under modern conditions of real investment is the foundation of investment firms of most manufactured products. The realization of the investment real estate is characterized by a number of features, we can separate the following:

1. property investment in a straight line related to the core business of manufacturing, expanding the assortment of production and improving its quality through to involve the achievements of scientific and technical progress. In other words, investment companies and real investment processes are connected to each other and the state-;

2. property investment, with respect to financial investments, followed by larger economic risks, which, in turn, means the ability to provide relatively more profitable financial investments. are the economic risks associated with the particular process technology, the factors used equipment and so on;

3. real estate investments are relatively illiquid with financiers. The reason for this is a very narrow focus of most investment in the real sector and often lack the capacity of the industrial alternative. Therefore it is extremely difficult to compensate for errors in the real investment decisions to move.

The embodiments of property investments. real estate investments are made in different ways by investment in capital base, investment in capital assets turnover and investments in intangible assets. The realization of capital investment, in turn, come in many forms and, on the one hand, it is building new factories, reconstruction of existing ones, modernization, technical re-equipment, and also the complex purchases total prosperity.

complex total purchase of prosperity is the prerogative of larger firms with such a policy, which aims to increase its influence in various markets. Real investment growth of the security type of the value of total assets in manufacturing, which is conditioned by the higher capacity utilization and financial potential joint system materials, reducing the level of spending and manufacturing and on.

New construction usually is linked to investments in these modern factory, which increases the production of work and meets the demand of ecological security, also is the construction of new objects.

The reconstruction in most cases, requests to switch to modern technologies of the industry, taking into account the results of scientific and technical progress. Typically, it is connected with the involving of the resource saving technologies, the move of production to modern standards of quality and so on. The reconstruction can affect the construction of new objects.

The upgrade is mainly due to make to compliance by active fund basic demands of modern realization of the technological process.

Technical re-equipment of the key trends and buying new furniture, mechanisms and complex basic technical system for effective implementation of technological processes. It is not always possible to put a clear boundary between the technical retooling and modernization.

Investments in assets turnover generally used to expand the working capital used in manufacturing. In many cases, it is achieved following the implementation of capital investment, which is essentially the result of the realization of capital.

Investments in intangible assets generally average level of investment in innovative and two basic forms:

Most forms of investment and real types - asset sales, excluding the distinct nature of the innovations of furniture, machinery and so on - are face to real investments appropriate business plans . 6 In the business plans of investment projects in collaboration with the traditional topics section to provide the necessary level of liquidity of investment real objects and minimizing the level of investment risk must be developed and illustrated.

Organization of the realization of investment projects. To prepare the organization and implementation of each plan should document, usually the leader is appointed. The plan’s most important documents are the timing of project plans and their capital budgets.

Plans calendar is for fixed term - year, quarter, month or year. The data in terms of volume and the realization of different types of activities provided by the investment project are represented. The conditions and nature of activities to define the quality of detailing plans civilians.

Realization of the plan schedule is straight related to financing activities of the investment project. To this end, the financial plan is developed, which is usually called the investment budget of the investment project. “Volumes, types and sources of financing all types of activities considered by the project in the separation phase of the plan of the agenda is driven and based on it.

The capital budget consists of two sections: the capital expenditure projects and influxing sources necessary for its implementation. Capital expenditures are estimates of the volume stated initial capital expenditure, taking into account the reserves of these funding sources, which are necessary to recover unexpected costs along the plane of the calendar.

The section of the flood “source” of the investment budget is the specification of the volume of investment resources needed to implement the project in the source’s own capital, capital influxed sharing, leasing , bank loans and so on.

The synchrony of income sources and amount of capital expenditure must be budgeted for capital works undertaken in terms of timing.

Briefly about the risks of investment. An important element of the project schedule plans and support systems capital budget taking into account the investment risk factors and work activities for their neutralization. Investment risk, in general, is discussed in the prism of the possibility of profitable financial results. The forms of display may be losing its investment income or anticipated shortage for vagueness in the implementation of investment projects. The risk investment project is a complex concept and units of different types of risks that are associated with the implementation of investment projects.

Each step in the realization of investment is characterized certain types of risks. Therefore, the estimate of the risk of the entire project is expected on the basis of facts based on aggregated distinct stages.

The realization of any investment project is in essence a unique phenomenon for a typed draft of same. This circumstance necessitates an individual approach, taking into account the specific information which is linked to objective and subjective factors to occur during the realization of the risks of the investment process. The long term is to complete the project, the largest was the vagueness of the final results of its implementation and, therefore - at risk.

We fog reflect the anticipated size of cash income for the investment project depends on the future status of the appropriate segment of the commodity market and the effectiveness of the business of manufacturing. This means that investment risks are largely conditioned by the risks of commercial manufacture. In other words, there is a direct link between the length of the life cycle of the project and the level of investment risk projection. The completeness and reliability of information collected on each stage of the project, the skill level of investment management defines the major justification for the consideration of various factors in different types of risks.

The types of investment risks. That the name of the base type of the projections of investment risks, taking into account specific conditions in Georgia.

The risk of disability payment is significantly related to the compliance of State partners in the enterprise, also, the lowering of liquidity sources turnover.

The potential financial benefit of the project is bound to end the influx of investment resources from different sources, the danger of funding due to incomplete recovery of capital, which is necessary for the project. It is a close correlation with the risk of inability to pay and inflation.

The risk of financial weakness in manufacturing. It is characterized by the flow of debt and equity capital invested and income conditioned by the investment project and imbalance of payment flows. This risk, the risk of inability to pay is one of the reasons most cause the collapse of manufacturing.

Inflation risk is related to the possibility of a devaluation of expected income from the investment project and raising the value of capital expenditures expressed by the nominal price. Under modern conditions, the risk of inflation is permanent and affects most parts of the operations of the project. Solving the problem of taking into account the softening and neutralizes this time.

The risk percent is related to the risk of inflation. It was specific to Georgia, which is conditioned by the uniqueness of the formation of financial market and its not being developed.

The market risk is the risk of being incomplete investment income on the stage of the project conditioned by circumstances assets at the expense of volume and exploitation of the work. The conditions are long project, the greater the possibility of this kind of risk.

The risk of criminal is put in the first place, the lack of proper defense of the privacy rights of an investor who is in the economic life of our country most often.

To neutralize possible negative results of the investment risk in projecting various measures and arrangements are developed, which are grouped into internal and external measures. internal measures to neutralize risks concern the foundation of the insurance and financial funds (reserves) and the work of these measures, which remove the possibility of increasing a particular risk. That may be denied use of the assets liquidated and low capital borrowed the large volume, so the mechanism of risk transfer following the separate operations of partners.

Foundation of insurance and funds of funds to reserve a portion of investment resources for further unforeseen negative results, which are not related to the actions of staff and contractors to manufacture. Of course, waste from specific sources of manufacture, or, more specifically, “freeze” is important in obtaining the loan market to finance the completion that makes the dependence on sources external financing of investment projects strong.

The methods of the neutralization of external risk projection, first, that the insurance risk associated with projects of different nature and to ensure the third person. The purpose of insurance is property of manufacturing, which is used in the process of the investment process, responsibility for manufacturing and its staff to third parties, insurance of participants of the project investment. The guarantee mechanism is oriented firstly towards the protection of investor rights in the event of changing conditions of the investor.

The peculiarities of realization of financial investment. For manufactured goods, which are not institutional investors, the fundamental direction of the investment firm is the realization of real estate investments. Herewith, when the financial market conditions allows to obtain significantly higher level of return to capital invested, then the activity concentration on the commodity market (the situation brought on the market for securities Russia in 1995-1996 is a good example of this). In addition, if temporary existence of free financial resources, the factory is to actively invest in the liquidation of financial instruments HD sources. Except that, the manufactures to invest in equity other manufactures “regulation funds for diversification and the decision of other companies and organizations.

From an economic perspective, these investments are financial instruments with the help of the resolution of strategic and operational issues of effective implementation of the capital in the country and abroad. Financial investments are made primarily in products manufactured in time to have sources of free money. They appear in the outer investment (except for occasions when the factory expiate their own securities, for example shares).

Most of the factory make the financial investments in order to obtain additional investment income (income hedge) the use of sources of free money. The concrete choice of specific instruments of financial investment is quite large, even in conditions of already established market.

The profitability level has been producing investment in a particular instrument is in direct relation with the level of risk. Higher profitability is, the higher the risk of financial package back.

The portfolio of financial instruments. In order to get the desired level of profitability of financial investment and risk diversification, business (investors) purchase of financial instruments with different levels of profitability and risk, that is, in other words, they create a portfolio of financial instruments specificity.

For the changing nature of financial market conditions, the process of obtaining the desired level of profitability demands continuous monitoring of the profitability of different instruments and liquidity risk and take appropriate decisions decision on the evolution of the finance portfolio It means the reduction or increase in the share of any financial instruments. This type of correction is called “the restructuring of the portfolio. It is the basic concept of the decision of financial instruments in force in factories.

financial instruments portfolio basis of speculation by the town’s finances and debt, also, deposits of valuables and money. During the monitoring process, depending on the type of financial instruments, they take into account and analyze a large number of factors which influence the level of profitability, liquidity and risk. Of the factors that negatively affect the profitability of financial instruments common, the most important are:

· Investment more profitable level of taxation emitenti factory;

· The changing environment of the volume of business sale emitenti “(it looks especially oil companies);

• Reduce the level of dividends to reduce the volume of profits;

• Reduce the price of the net assets of the emitenti factory;

· Games speculative stock market participants.

Growth in per cent average rate on the market by increasing the level of inflation, increasing the level of taxation of investment profits emitenti manufacturing, the deterioration in standards of financial strength in manufacturing, the deterioration in the ability compensation emitenti manufacturing belong to the factors that reduce the level of liquidity of debt securities. The level of enrollment of the central bank, the strength of the national currency, financial stability of institutions such filing, the changing rate of per cent amid the financial market and to influence key on profitability, liquidity risk and cash instruments.

According to monitoring results of the investment market, they display the separate instruments of speculative investments and also the trend levels of profitability, risk and liquidity of the portfolio. On the basis of information received, they make decisions about the need to restructure the portfolio and its management.

The investment resources in the achievement of financial and real estate investments are used as in cash, so the natural form. The training investment resources of the factory is connected as the manufacture itself, then with the process of collection and conservation, which are held across the country. Fares and schedules maintenance and collection of capital investment are conditioned by the level of development of the country and also the profitability of the population.

The process of editing resource investment in manufacturing is constantly in the face of the income from core business activities and not for the achievement, also taking loans and others. The amount of concrete from these sources, which are used for investment or consumption purposes, are defined by the plan of financing industrial manufacturing. It depends largely on the values of their arrival, the capital growth in manufacturing and its structure. If a large part belongs to sources in the structure, then the lending capacity is reduced. At the same time, the value of additional resources increases the influx due to increased credit risk.

In the planning system effective use and analysis of financial resources, it is very important to highlight the various investment groups, which differ in details and request the use of appropriate methods of decision. They distinguish several characteristic features, with the help of which the classification of investment resources is carried out.

 

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